# Copyright (c) 2022-2023, The ORBIT Project Developers.
# All rights reserved.
#
# SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-3-Clause

"""Gamepad controller for SE(3) control."""

import numpy as np
import weakref
from scipy.spatial.transform.rotation import Rotation
from typing import Callable, Tuple

import carb
import omni

from ..device_base import DeviceBase


class Se3Gamepad(DeviceBase):
    """A gamepad controller for sending SE(3) commands as delta poses and binary command (open/close).

    This class is designed to provide a gamepad controller for a robotic arm with a gripper.
    It uses the gamepad interface to listen to gamepad events and map them to the robot's
    task-space commands.

    The command comprises of two parts:

    * delta pose: a 6D vector of (x, y, z, roll, pitch, yaw) in meters and radians.
    * gripper: a binary command to open or close the gripper.

    Stick and Button bindings:
        ============================ ========================= =========================
        Description                  Stick/Button (+ve axis)   Stick/Button (-ve axis)
        ============================ ========================= =========================
        Toggle gripper(open/close)   X Button                  X Button
        Move along x-axis            Left Stick Up             Left Stick Down
        Move along y-axis            Left Stick Left           Left Stick Right
        Move along z-axis            Right Stick Up            Right Stick Down
        Rotate along x-axis          D-Pad Left                D-Pad Right
        Rotate along y-axis          D-Pad Down                D-Pad Up
        Rotate along z-axis          Right Stick Left          Right Stick Right
        ============================ ========================= =========================

    .. seealso::

        The official documentation for the gamepad interface: `Carb Gamepad Interface <https://docs.omniverse.nvidia.com/kit/docs/carbonite/latest/docs/python/carb.html#carb.input.Gamepad>`__.

    """

    def __init__(self, pos_sensitivity: float = 1.0, rot_sensitivity: float = 1.6, dead_zone: float = 0.01):
        """Initialize the gamepad layer.

        Args:
            pos_sensitivity: Magnitude of input position command scaling. Defaults to 1.0.
            rot_sensitivity: Magnitude of scale input rotation commands scaling. Defaults to 1.6.
            dead_zone: Magnitude of dead zone for gamepad. An event value from the gamepad less than
                this value will be ignored. Defaults to 0.01.
        """
        # turn off simulator gamepad control
        carb_settings_iface = carb.settings.get_settings()
        carb_settings_iface.set_bool("/persistent/app/omniverse/gamepadCameraControl", False)
        # store inputs
        self.pos_sensitivity = pos_sensitivity
        self.rot_sensitivity = rot_sensitivity
        self.dead_zone = dead_zone
        # acquire omniverse interfaces
        self._appwindow = omni.appwindow.get_default_app_window()
        self._input = carb.input.acquire_input_interface()
        self._gamepad = self._appwindow.get_gamepad(0)
        # note: Use weakref on callbacks to ensure that this object can be deleted when its destructor is called
        self._gamepad_sub = self._input.subscribe_to_gamepad_events(
            self._gamepad,
            lambda event, *args, obj=weakref.proxy(self): obj._on_gamepad_event(event, *args),
        )
        # bindings for gamepad to command
        self._create_key_bindings()
        # command buffers
        self._close_gripper = False
        # When using the gamepad, two values are provided for each axis.
        # For example: when the left stick is moved down, there are two evens: `left_stick_down = 0.8`
        #   and `left_stick_up = 0.0`. If only the value of left_stick_up is used, the value will be 0.0,
        #   which is not the desired behavior. Therefore, we save both the values into the buffer and use
        #   the maximum value.
        # (positive, negative), (x, y, z, roll, pitch, yaw)
        self._delta_pose_raw = np.zeros([2, 6])
        # dictionary for additional callbacks
        self._additional_callbacks = dict()

    def __del__(self):
        """Unsubscribe from gamepad events."""
        self._input.unsubscribe_from_gamepad_events(self._gamepad, self._gamepad_sub)
        self._gamepad_sub = None

    def __str__(self) -> str:
        """Returns: A string containing the information of joystick."""
        msg = f"Gamepad Controller for SE(3): {self.__class__.__name__}\n"
        msg += f"\tDevice name: {self._input.get_gamepad_name(self._gamepad)}\n"
        msg += "\t----------------------------------------------\n"
        msg += "\tToggle gripper (open/close): X\n"
        msg += "\tMove arm along x-axis: Left Stick Up/Down\n"
        msg += "\tMove arm along y-axis: Left Stick Left/Right\n"
        msg += "\tMove arm along z-axis: Right Stick Up/Down\n"
        msg += "\tRotate arm along x-axis: D-Pad Right/Left\n"
        msg += "\tRotate arm along y-axis: D-Pad Down/Up\n"
        msg += "\tRotate arm along z-axis: Right Stick Left/Right\n"
        return msg

    """
    Operations
    """

    def reset(self):
        # default flags
        self._close_gripper = False
        self._delta_pose_raw.fill(0.0)

    def add_callback(self, key: carb.input.GamepadInput, func: Callable):
        """Add additional functions to bind gamepad.

        A list of available gamepad keys are present in the
        `carb documentation <https://docs.omniverse.nvidia.com/kit/docs/carbonite/latest/docs/python/carb.html?highlight=gamepadeventtype#carb.input.GamepadInput>`__.

        Args:
            key: The gamepad button to check against.
            func: The function to call when key is pressed. The callback function should not
                take any arguments.
        """
        self._additional_callbacks[key] = func

    def advance(self) -> Tuple[np.ndarray, bool]:
        """Provides the result from gamepad event state.

        Returns:
            A tuple containing the delta pose command and gripper commands.
        """
        # -- resolve position command
        delta_pos = self._resolve_command_buffer(self._delta_pose_raw[:, :3])
        # -- resolve rotation command
        delta_rot = self._resolve_command_buffer(self._delta_pose_raw[:, 3:])
        # -- convert to rotation vector
        rot_vec = Rotation.from_euler("XYZ", delta_rot).as_rotvec()
        # return the command and gripper state
        return np.concatenate([delta_pos, rot_vec]), self._close_gripper

    """
    Internal helpers.
    """

    def _on_gamepad_event(self, event, *args, **kwargs):
        """Subscriber callback to when kit is updated.

        Reference:
            https://docs.omniverse.nvidia.com/kit/docs/carbonite/latest/docs/python/carb.html?highlight=gamepadeventtype#carb.input.Gamepad
        """
        # check if the event is a button press
        cur_val = event.value
        if abs(cur_val) < self.dead_zone:
            cur_val = 0
        # -- button
        if event.input == carb.input.GamepadInput.X:
            # toggle gripper based on the button pressed
            if cur_val > 0.5:
                self._close_gripper = not self._close_gripper
        # -- left and right stick
        if event.input in self._INPUT_STICK_VALUE_MAPPING:
            direction, axis, value = self._INPUT_STICK_VALUE_MAPPING[event.input]
            # change the value only if the stick is moved (soft press)
            self._delta_pose_raw[direction, axis] = value * cur_val
        # -- dpad (4 arrow buttons on the console)
        if event.input in self._INPUT_DPAD_VALUE_MAPPING:
            direction, axis, value = self._INPUT_DPAD_VALUE_MAPPING[event.input]
            # change the value only if button is pressed on the DPAD
            if cur_val > 0.5:
                self._delta_pose_raw[direction, axis] = value
                self._delta_pose_raw[1 - direction, axis] = 0
            else:
                self._delta_pose_raw[:, axis] = 0
        # additional callbacks
        if event.input in self._additional_callbacks:
            self._additional_callbacks[event.input]()

        # since no error, we are fine :)
        return True

    def _create_key_bindings(self):
        """Creates default key binding."""
        # map gamepad input to the element in self._delta_pose_raw
        #   the first index is the direction (0: positive, 1: negative)
        #   the second index is the axis (0: x, 1: y, 2: z, 3: roll, 4: pitch, 5: yaw)
        #   the third index is the sensitivity of the command
        self._INPUT_STICK_VALUE_MAPPING = {
            # forward command
            carb.input.GamepadInput.LEFT_STICK_UP: (0, 0, self.pos_sensitivity),
            # backward command
            carb.input.GamepadInput.LEFT_STICK_DOWN: (1, 0, self.pos_sensitivity),
            # right command
            carb.input.GamepadInput.LEFT_STICK_RIGHT: (0, 1, self.pos_sensitivity),
            # left command
            carb.input.GamepadInput.LEFT_STICK_LEFT: (1, 1, self.pos_sensitivity),
            # upward command
            carb.input.GamepadInput.RIGHT_STICK_UP: (0, 2, self.pos_sensitivity),
            # downward command
            carb.input.GamepadInput.RIGHT_STICK_DOWN: (1, 2, self.pos_sensitivity),
            # yaw command (positive)
            carb.input.GamepadInput.RIGHT_STICK_RIGHT: (0, 5, self.rot_sensitivity),
            # yaw command (negative)
            carb.input.GamepadInput.RIGHT_STICK_LEFT: (1, 5, self.rot_sensitivity),
        }

        self._INPUT_DPAD_VALUE_MAPPING = {
            # pitch command (positive)
            carb.input.GamepadInput.DPAD_UP: (1, 4, self.rot_sensitivity * 0.8),
            # pitch command (negative)
            carb.input.GamepadInput.DPAD_DOWN: (0, 4, self.rot_sensitivity * 0.8),
            # roll command (positive)
            carb.input.GamepadInput.DPAD_RIGHT: (1, 3, self.rot_sensitivity * 0.8),
            # roll command (negative)
            carb.input.GamepadInput.DPAD_LEFT: (0, 3, self.rot_sensitivity * 0.8),
        }

    def _resolve_command_buffer(self, raw_command: np.ndarray) -> np.ndarray:
        """Resolves the command buffer.

        Args:
            raw_command: The raw command from the gamepad. Shape is (2, 3)
                This is a 2D array since gamepad dpad/stick returns two values corresponding to
                the positive and negative direction. The first index is the direction (0: positive, 1: negative)
                and the second index is value (absolute) of the command.

        Returns:
            Resolved command. Shape is (3,)
        """
        # compare the positive and negative value decide the sign of the value
        #   if the positive value is larger, the sign is positive (i.e. False, 0)
        #   if the negative value is larger, the sign is positive (i.e. True, 1)
        delta_command_sign = raw_command[1, :] > raw_command[0, :]
        # extract the command value
        delta_command = raw_command.max(axis=0)
        # apply the sign
        #  if the sign is positive, the value is already positive.
        #  if the sign is negative, the value is negative after applying the sign.
        delta_command[delta_command_sign] *= -1

        return delta_command
